marshadjutt1984@gmail.com Modern physics represents a significant departure from classical physics, primarily developed in the 19th century. It began with the realization that classical concepts could not explain certain phenomena, leading to the development of theories such as quantum mechanics and relativity. This chapter explores the key ideas and experiments that marked the transition from classical to … Read more
Introduction to Electronics Electronics is a branch of physics and engineering that deals with the behavior and movement of electrons in various materials, particularly in semiconductors, and the design of electronic circuits, devices, and systems. Semiconductors Semiconductors are materials with electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. The most commonly used semiconductor materials are … Read more
Introduction to the Physics of Solids The physics of solids, also known as solid-state physics, deals with the study of properties and behaviors of solid materials. This field explores how the arrangement of atoms and the types of bonding in a solid determine its electrical, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Crystal Structure Solids can be … Read more
Chapter 16 – Alternating Current Introduction to Alternating Current (AC) Alternating Current (AC) is a type of electrical current in which the direction of the current flow reverses periodically. Unlike Direct Current (DC), where the flow of charge is unidirectional, AC constantly changes direction, typically in a sinusoidal waveform. Characteristics of AC AC Circuit Components … Read more
Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of generating an electromotive force (EMF) by changing the magnetic environment of a conductor. This fundamental principle is crucial for understanding how many electrical devices operate. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Faraday’s Law states that the induced EMF in a closed loop is proportional to the … Read more
Introduction to Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the interaction of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields. It encompasses a wide range of phenomena, including the behavior of electromagnetic fields and their effects on physical objects. Magnetic Fields A magnetic field is a vector field that exerts a magnetic force … Read more
Introduction to Current Electricity Current electricity involves the flow of electric charges through a conductor. Unlike electrostatics, which deals with static charges, current electricity focuses on charges in motion, typically through conductors like wires. Electric Current Electric current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in Amperes … Read more
Introduction to Electrostatics Electrostatics is the study of electric charges at rest. It deals with the forces, fields, and potentials associated with static electric charges. Unlike dynamic electric charges, which involve currents, electrostatics focuses on situations where charges are stationary. Electric Charge Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter. There are two types of … Read more
Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. It involves both qualitative and quantitative analysis to identify and measure the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Branches of Analytical Chemistry: Classical Methods of Analysis: Instrumental Methods of Analysis: Sample Preparation: Data Analysis and Interpretation: … Read more
Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment and their impacts on the ecosystem and human health. It focuses on understanding the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fate of chemical species in air, water, and soil. Components of the Environment: Pollution and Contaminants: Environmental Monitoring and Analysis: Green Chemistry: Waste Management: … Read more